Generative Representational Instruction Tuning
This repository provides all materials for the paper Generative Representational Instruction Tuning. We continue developing the repository and welcome any contributions. If you want to use the code in the exact same way as in the paper, please use the 1.0.0 release (commit hash = 3ac39052ef878371a658a060e69f9c0124bfd59b
).
Inference
Basic
pip install gritlm
from gritlm import GritLM
# Loads the model for both capabilities; If you only need embedding pass `mode="embedding"` to save memory (no lm head)
model = GritLM("GritLM/GritLM-7B", torch_dtype="auto")
# To load the 8x7B you will likely need multiple GPUs.
# All the kwargs are passed to HF from_pretrained so you can just do the below to load on multiple GPUs:
# model = GritLM("GritLM/GritLM-8x7B", torch_dtype="auto", device_map="auto")
# You can also load other models e.g.
# model = GritLM("Muennighoff/SGPT-125M-weightedmean-nli-bitfit", pooling_method="weighted_mean", attn=None)
# model = GritLM("hkunlp/instructor-base", pooling_method="mean", attn=None)
### Embedding/Representation ###
instruction = "Given a scientific paper title, retrieve the paper's abstract"
queries = ['Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System', 'Generative Representational Instruction Tuning']
documents = [
"A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.",
"All text-based language problems can be reduced to either generation or embedding. Current models only perform well at one or the other. We introduce generative representational instruction tuning (GRIT) whereby a large language model is trained to handle both generative and embedding tasks by distinguishing between them through instructions. Compared to other open models, our resulting GritLM 7B sets a new state of the art on the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB) and outperforms all models up to its size on a range of generative tasks. By scaling up further, GritLM 8X7B outperforms all open generative language models that we tried while still being among the best embedding models. Notably, we find that GRIT matches training on only generative or embedding data, thus we can unify both at no performance loss. Among other benefits, the unification via GRIT speeds up Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) by > 60% for long documents, by no longer requiring separate retrieval and generation models. Models, code, etc. are freely available at https://github.com/ContextualAI/gritlm."
]
def gritlm_instruction(instruction):
return "<|user|>\n" + instruction + "\n<|embed|>\n" if instruction else "<|embed|>\n"
# No need to add instruction for retrieval documents
d_rep = model.encode(documents, instruction=gritlm_instruction(""))
q_rep = model.encode(queries, instruction=gritlm_instruction(instruction))
from scipy.spatial.distance import cosine
cosine_sim_q0_d0 = 1 - cosine(q_rep[0], d_rep[0])
cosine_sim_q0_d1 = 1 - cosine(q_rep[0], d_rep[1])
cosine_sim_q1_d0 = 1 - cosine(q_rep[1], d_rep[0])
cosine_sim_q1_d1 = 1 - cosine(q_rep[1], d_rep[1])
print("Cosine similarity between \"%s\" and \"%s\" is: %.3f" % (queries[0][:15], documents[0][:15], cosine_sim_q0_d0))
# Cosine similarity between "Bitcoin: A Peer" and "A purely peer-t" is: 0.608
print("Cosine similarity between \"%s\" and \"%s\" is: %.3f" % (queries[0][:15], documents[1][:15], cosine_sim_q0_d1))
# Cosine similarity between "Bitcoin: A Peer" and "All text-based " is: 0.101
print("Cosine similarity between \"%s\" and \"%s\" is: %.3f" % (queries[1][:15], documents[0][:15], cosine_sim_q1_d0))
# Cosine similarity between "Generative Repr" and "A purely peer-t" is: 0.120
print("Cosine similarity between \"%s\" and \"%s\" is: %.3f" % (queries[1][:15], documents[1][:15], cosine_sim_q1_d1))
# Cosine similarity between "Generative Repr" and "All text-based " is: 0.533
### Generation ###
# We did not finetune GritLM models with system prompts, as you can just include system-like instructions together with your user instruction
messages = [
{"role": "user", "content": "Please write me a poem about my recent hike of Mt. Fuji at midnight in the style of Shakespeare."},
]
encoded = model.tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, add_generation_prompt=True, return_tensors="pt")
encoded = encoded.to(model.device)
gen = model.generate(encoded, max_new_tokens=256, do_sample=False)
decoded = model.tokenizer.batch_decode(gen)
print(decoded[0])
"""
<s> <|user|>
Please write me a poem about my recent hike of Mt. Fuji at midnight in the style of Shakespeare.
<|assistant|>
Oh, Mt. Fuji, mountain grand,
A sight to see, a climb to command,
At midnight, in the dark of night,
I climbed your slopes, with all my might.
The stars above, they shone so bright,
A beacon in the darkness, guiding light,
The wind did blow, with a gentle sigh,
As I climbed higher, with a steady eye.
The path was steep, the climb was tough,
But I pressed on, with a steadfast rough,
For the summit, I longed to see,
The view from the top, a sight to be.
At last, I reached the peak, and stood,
With awe and wonder, I gazed aloud,
The world below, a sight to see,
A view that's worth the climb, you'll agree.
Mt. Fuji, mountain grand,
A sight to see, a climb to command,
At midnight, in the dark of night,
I climbed your slopes, with all my might.</s>
"""
Caching
pip install gritlm
import numpy as np
import torch
from gritlm import GritLM
# Loads the model for both capabilities; If you only need embedding pass `mode="embedding"` to save memory (no lm head)
model = GritLM("GritLM/GritLM-7B", torch_dtype="auto")
# To load the 8x7B you will likely need multiple GPUs.
# All the kwargs are passed to HF from_pretrained so you can just do the below to load on multiple GPUs:
# model = GritLM("GritLM/GritLM-8x7B", torch_dtype="auto", device_map="auto")
# You can also load other models e.g.
# model = GritLM("Muennighoff/SGPT-125M-weightedmean-nli-bitfit", pooling_method="weighted_mean", attn=None)
# model = GritLM("hkunlp/instructor-base", pooling_method="mean", attn=None)
queries = ['Please explain to me how Bitcoin works.', 'What is "Generative Representational Instruction Tuning"?']
documents = [
"A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.",
"All text-based language problems can be reduced to either generation or embedding. Current models only perform well at one or the other. We introduce generative representational instruction tuning (GRIT) whereby a large language model is trained to handle both generative and embedding tasks by distinguishing between them through instructions. Compared to other open models, our resulting GritLM 7B sets a new state of the art on the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB) and outperforms all models up to its size on a range of generative tasks. By scaling up further, GritLM 8X7B outperforms all open generative language models that we tried while still being among the best embedding models. Notably, we find that GRIT matches training on only generative or embedding data, thus we can unify both at no performance loss. Among other benefits, the unification via GRIT speeds up Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) by > 60% for long documents, by no longer requiring separate retrieval and generation models. Models, code, etc. are freely available at https://github.com/ContextualAI/gritlm."
]
CACHE_FORMAT_DOC = "\n<|user|>\n{query}\n\nAnswer the prior query while optionally using the context prior to it\n<|assistant|>\n"
CACHE_FORMAT_QUERY = "\n<|user|>\n{doc}\n\nOptionally using the prior context answer the query prior to it\n<|assistant|>\n"
CACHE_FORMAT_QUERY_DOC = "\n<|user|>\nOptionally using the prior context answer the query prior to it\n<|assistant|>\n"
CACHE_FORMAT_DOC_QUERY = "\n<|user|>\nAnswer the prior query while optionally using the context prior to it\n<|assistant|>\n"
def gritlm_instruction(instruction):
return "<|user|>\n" + instruction + "\n<|embed|>\n" if instruction else "<|embed|>\n"
### GRIT DOC CACHING ###
# cache: Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`
d_rep, d_cache = model.encode(documents, instruction=gritlm_instruction(""), get_cache=True)
q_rep = model.encode(queries, instruction=gritlm_instruction(""))
from scipy.spatial.distance import cosine
sims = {q: [1 - cosine(q_rep[i], d_rep[j]) for j in range(len(d_rep))] for i, q in enumerate(queries)}
for q, q_sims in sims.items():
sim_idx = np.argmax(q_sims)
cache = tuple([
(d_cache[i][0][sim_idx:sim_idx+1], d_cache[i][1][sim_idx:sim_idx+1]) for i, c in enumerate(d_cache)
])
# BOS is already in the cache
inputs = model.tokenizer(CACHE_FORMAT_DOC.format(query=q), return_tensors="pt", add_special_tokens=False).to(model.device)
inputs["use_cache"] = True
# Attend to the cache too
inputs["attention_mask"] = torch.cat((
torch.ones((cache[0][0].shape[0], cache[0][0].shape[2]), dtype=torch.long, device=inputs["attention_mask"].device),
inputs["attention_mask"],
), dim=1)
generation = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=256, past_key_values=cache, do_sample=False)
decoded = model.tokenizer.batch_decode(generation)
print(decoded[0])
"""
<|user|>
What is "Generative Representational Instruction Tuning"?
Answer the prior query while optionally using the context prior to it
<|assistant|>
Generative Representational Instruction Tuning (GRIT) is a method for training language models that can perform both generative and embedding tasks. It involves training a large language model to handle both types of tasks by distinguishing between them through instructions. GRIT is designed to improve the performance of language models on both generative and embedding tasks, and it can be used to unify both types of tasks at no performance loss.</s>
"""
### GRIT QUERY CACHING ###
# cache: Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`
d_rep = model.encode(documents, instruction=gritlm_instruction(""))
q_rep, q_cache = model.encode(queries, instruction=gritlm_instruction(""), get_cache=True)
from scipy.spatial.distance import cosine
sims = {d: [1 - cosine(q_rep[i], d_rep[j]) for j in range(len(d_rep))] for i, d in enumerate(documents)}
for d, d_sims in sims.items():
sim_idx = np.argmax(d_sims)
cache = tuple([
(q_cache[i][0][sim_idx:sim_idx+1], q_cache[i][1][sim_idx:sim_idx+1]) for i, c in enumerate(q_cache)
])
# BOS is already in the cache
inputs = model.tokenizer(CACHE_FORMAT_QUERY.format(doc=d), return_tensors="pt", add_special_tokens=False).to(model.device)
inputs["use_cache"] = True
# Attend to the cache too
inputs["attention_mask"] = torch.cat((
torch.ones((cache[0][0].shape[0], cache[0][0].shape[2]), dtype=torch.long, device=inputs["attention_mask"].device),
inputs["attention_mask"],
), dim=1)
generation = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=256, past_key_values=cache, do_sample=False)
decoded = model.tokenizer.batch_decode(generation)
print(decoded[0])
"""
<|user|>
All text-based language problems can be reduced to either generation or embedding. Current models only perform well at one or the other. We introduce generative representational instruction tuning (GRIT) whereby a large language model is trained to handle both generative and embedding tasks by distinguishing between them through instructions. Compared to other open models, our resulting GritLM 7B sets a new state of the art on the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB) and outperforms all models up to its size on a range of generative tasks. By scaling up further, GritLM 8X7B outperforms all open generative language models that we tried while still being among the best embedding models. Notably, we find that GRIT matches training on only generative or embedding data, thus we can unify both at no performance loss. Among other benefits, the unification via GRIT speeds up Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) by > 60% for long documents, by no longer requiring separate retrieval and generation models. Models, code, etc. are freely available at https://github.com/ContextualAI/gritlm.
Optionally using the prior context answer the query prior to it
<|assistant|>
GRIT stands for generative representational instruction tuning. It is a method for training large language models to handle both generative and embedding tasks by distinguishing between them through instructions. GritLM is a large language model trained using GRIT that sets a new state of the art on the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB) and outperforms all models up to its size on a range of generative tasks. GritLM 8X7B is a larger version of GritLM that outperforms all open generative language models that were tried while still being among the best embedding models. GRIT matches training on only generative or embedding data, thus unifying both at no performance loss. This unification via GRIT speeds up Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) by > 60% for long documents, by no longer requiring separate retrieval and generation models. Models, code, etc. are freely available at <https://github.com/ContextualAI/gritlm>.</s>
"""
### GRIT QUERY-DOC CACHING ###
# cache: Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`
d_rep, d_cache = model.encode(documents, instruction=gritlm_instruction(""), get_cache=True, add_special_tokens=False)
q_rep, q_cache = model.encode(queries, instruction=gritlm_instruction(""), get_cache=True)
from scipy.spatial.distance import cosine
sims =